The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon where light knocks electrons out of a material, resulting in the emission of these electrons, called photoelectrons. Albert Einstein explained the ...

According to quantum mechanics, our universe is like a Lego set. All matter particles, as well as particles such as light that act as messengers between them, come in discrete blocks of energy. By ...

X-ray backscatter AIT uses a narrow beam of X-ray photons with energies, hv, less than 100 keV. 2 There are five basic interactions that can occur as X rays penetrate material. These are the ...

The Nature Index 2025 Research Leaders — previously known as Annual Tables — reveal the leading institutions and countries/territories in the natural and health sciences, according to their output in ...

Ars Technica has been separating the signal from the noise for over 25 years. With our unique combination of technical savvy and wide-ranging interest in the technological arts and sciences, Ars is ...